Five Things Top Leaders Do Each Day - 1504 Words

Goal: to post about the 10 things that top leaders in business do each day Total Word Count In This Document: 1521 Title: ?10 Things Top Leaders Do Each Day? If you?re a business leader, then you are carrying the success of your business and all of those who work for your business on your shoulders. You are responsible for carrying your business and your team down the road of success. In order to become the best business leader that you can be, you must develop the methods and habits of other successful business leaders. Here are the 10 things top leaders do each day. Share their vision As the figureheads of their business, leaders must have a vision that is the root of their business?s mission and goals and is the main force that drives the business forward. The vision is essentially a dream that the business leader has that the business acts to make it a reality. The people running the business, or the team of workers under the business leader?s leadership, are the ones who are going to help turn that vision, or dream, into a reality, so it is imperative to the success of that vision?and therefore, the business?for the business? leader to share that vision with his workers. Leaders should do this by daily providing the members of their team with goals. These goals must be either short or long term, worth their time, and within their capabilities while also challenging them to sharpen and improve their capabilities so they can be the best they can be. While theShow MoreRelatedManagement Students : An Everest Simulation Game996 Words   |  4 PagesAll introduction to management students are required to participate in an Everest Simulation game earlier this semester. Every five students were grouped together as a team to work as a team. 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Captain Beatty in Fahrenheit 451 Essay - 962 Words

Of all literary works regarding dystopian societies, Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is perhaps one of the most bluntly shocking, insightful, and relatable of them. Set in a United States of the future, this novel contains a government that has banned books and a society that constantly watches television. However, Guy Montag, a fireman (one who burns books as opposed to actually putting out fires) discovers books and a spark of desire for knowledge is ignited within him. Unfortunately his boss, the belligerent Captain Beatty, catches on to his newfound thirst for literature. A man of great duplicity, Beatty sets up Montag to ultimately have his home destroyed and to be expulsed from the city. On the other hand, Beatty is a much rounder†¦show more content†¦He simply attempts to accelerate the task and stolidly states â€Å"We’re due back at the house. Besides, these fanatics always try suicide; the pattern’s familiar† (39). Beatty’s c ruelty is soon accompanied by suspicion towards Montag, and he eventually ends up overturning Montag’s life. Although Beatty’s cruel, insidious personality makes him the quintessence of a villain, his hypocritical words and actions make him much more perplexing. Throughout the novel, Beatty proves to be a well-read person, although he adamantly opposes books. For example, when the old woman stays inside of her burning house just to be with her books, she shouts out â€Å"Play the man, Master Ridley!† (40), originally said by a man condemned to being burned at the stake for heresy in 1555. Beatty understood this quote to the extent that he knew who originally said it and even the date it was said, although he simply explained â€Å"I’m full of bits and pieces . . . most firemen have to be† (40). Later in the novel, Beatty uses his knowledge of literature to confuse Montag in attempts to dissuade him from books. Beatty perverts the original tex ts and quotes several literary works and authors to confuse Montag and at one point arrogantly states that he is â€Å"using the very books you clung to, to rebut you on every hand, on every point! You think they’re backing you up, andShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Captain Beatty (Fahrenheit 451)1404 Words   |  6 PagesBeatty, the Nearly Enlightened As fire captain, it is Captain Beatty’s job to promote and direct the eradication of knowledge and free thought within his district through the burning of books in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451. 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Captain Beatty somehow persuades people to believe that books are contain unpleasant and contradicting facts and opinions that should be destroyed. But thereRead MoreTheme Of Heroes In Fahrenheit 451701 Words   |  3 Pages Heroes of Fahrenheit 451 A heroes’s actions reflect his character. Montag, Beatty, and, Granger are characters in the novel by Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451. These characters possess motives, commit actions, and have qualities that would classify them as heroes. Only Granger and Montag are heroes while Beatty is the definite antithesis of the two. Montag believes that books shouldn’t be feared and be embraced, Granger leads a society of individualsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By William Bradbury Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe book Fahrenheit 451 is set in a dystopian, authoritarian world. The main character, Guy Montag, joins a movement for books when he begins to go against his society’s and government’s regulations. It is a book about censorship, individualism, and mass media. Censorship takes away the intentions left by the creator. It becomes bland, and unoriginal. Words set the mood of the story and character’s behavior within a work. It is important for explicit material to remain raw and natural. It is meantRead MoreBiblical And Literary Allusions Of Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto think individual thoughts, and with this loss comes the all-too-real possibility that dangerous ideas may not be dismissed. If there are no other voices to make an oppressive idea back down, reality could become a dystopia similar to that in Fahrenheit 451. The idea of a dystopia plays a role in the novel through both the story itself and the presence of a Grand Inquisitor figure, but also is presented to pose the question of why a dystopia could occur at all. Before pondering the cause for too

Post Modernism Essay Example For Students

Post Modernism Essay Art Spiegelman’s Maus II is a book that tells more than the story of one family’s struggle to live thought the Holocaust. It gives us a look into the psyche of a survivor’s child and how the Holocaust affected him and many other generations of people who were never there at all. Maus II gives the reader a peek into the psyche of Art Spiegelman and the affects of having two parents that survived the Holocaust had on him. Spiegelman demonstrates the affects of being a survivor’s child in many ways throughout the book. Examining some of these will give us a better understanding of what it was like to be a part of the Holocaust. In this frame Spiegelman displays his anger with being compared to his died brother, Richieu. His aunt poisoned Richieu because she did not want the Nazis to take him to the concentration camps. The only thing his parents had to remember him by was a picture that hung on their bedroom wall. Spiegelman believed that his parents look at the picture and thought that Richieu was the perfect child. Richieu could do no wrong in their eyes and would have made his parents proud; unlike Art, Richieu would have made all the right choices. He would have gotten the right job and married the right girl. No matter what Art did, he felt that he was a failure compared to his brother. Another example of Art’s psyche coming out in the book is at his psychiatrist’s, Pavel, office. Pavel is a survivor like his father and mother where, he helps Art to deal with issue that have come from being the child of a survivor. Art has a hard time dealing with the feeling that no matter what he accomplishes it will never equal the fact his parents survived Auschwitz. Pavel tries to explain to Art that he should not feel guilt for not being there, because that is not his fault. Art struggle with this feeling throughout the book. The feeling that his mother and father did this great thing by surviving, but the truth of it is they were just the lucky. In the camps the killing was random and either one could have been killed at any minute, so the truth is they just got lucky to make it through. The last scene in the book is a very important one, it give a good look in the mind of Spiegelman. It takes place in Vladek’s bedroom after Art and Vladek finish taping a conversation. By this point in the book Vladek is becoming more and more disoriented caused by age and his failing health. His wife, Mala, is very worried about him; he is losing his way and starting to forget things. During the conversation Vladek calls Art by his brother’s, Richieu, name. Shortly after they talk Vladek passes away. This scene show us that finally, right before his father’s death, Art realizes at he is not inferior to Richieu. Vladek calls Art Richieu because he is proud of what his son has done and see no difference between the two. Art spent his whole life believing that his parents loved Richieu because he was the perfect child, never thinking that his parents loved him just as much. It took the time he and his father spend together talking about the Holocaust for them to grow close enough for Art to realize that his father did love just as much as he had Richieu. From a feeling anger for a brother he never know Spiegelman’s psyche is deeply affected by the Holocaust. Even though he was not a part of it himself, the Holocaust played a huge role in his life.

Sports in Todays Society Essay Example For Students

Sports in Todays Society Essay Sports in Todays SocietySports are an involved part in todays society. The ways that the athletes actare an important part in the playing of sports. Sportsmanship is found in everysingle sport there is. Whether it is professional football or the local littleleague, players on each team should have a certain respect for the other team. Yet, many people still question the ethics of professional sports. Do these menand women who get paid for their talent still have respect for themselves, thefans, and the opposing team?Sports such as Football, Basketball, Baseball, and Hockey are primeexamples of how some athletes display their sportsmanship. These signs of badsportsmanship are sometimes fighting or acting irrational just because the teamlost the game, missed a catch or block, dropped the ball, or simply not doingbetter than they thought. Many times you can hear or read such events in thepaper or on television. Dennis Rodman is an excellent example of badsportsmanship. People like him can leave an influence on young sports athletes. We will write a custom essay on Sports in Todays Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People should learn about good sportsmanship, not the bad which the media findimportant to us. As people learn about how bad sportsmanship is in sports, the playerswill realize this. To the players this means they will concentrate more onplaying their best, not trying to be someone they are not. In addition, it willallow athletes to feel better and more proud of what they are.

The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Essay Example

The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Essay Example The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Essay The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Essay International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Maznah Wan Omar Universiti Teknologi MARA Kedah Peti Surat 187, 08400 Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my ABSTRACT Loyal customers are among the greatest revenue producer and are more likely to occur in a form of word-of-mouth. In the compound and vibrant Malaysian home computer retail market today, customer loyalty through word-of-mouth marketing tends to occur very slowly and is limited geographically but is a very potent method of marketing. The influence of cognitive and emotional satisfaction on the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and customer’s loyalty through intention to promote by word-of-mouth is vital. This will then lead to increased benefits for the organization in the form of customer loyalty. The cognitive evaluation of customer satisfaction was found to explain customer loyalty in a retail setting more than the emotional reaction. This finding holds importance to those retailers who have been able to generate high expectations in the eyes of their customers. Keywords: Adaptive selling skills, sales presentation skills, Customer satisfaction, Customer loyalty INTRODUCTION As competition deepens, products and services become more indistinguishable, and markets become established, it is becoming increasingly tougher for companies in retailing industries to distinguish themselves from other stores. Simply offering customers with technical solutions to problems does not be sufficient anymore to be competitive and obtain and retain market share. Various value-added services, which commence before the actual operation begins, had gone far beyond it, so as to stay competitive and develop customer loyalty. Research and business customs have shown that upholding customers through value-added services costs less than obtaining new ones (Wetzels et al. , 1998). A prevailing belief holds that an essential key to performance rests with the ability to sustain 1 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 ustomer relationships (Anderson et al. , 1994). Correspondingly, as relational value continues beyond price, customer bond are particularly effective when involved in long-term relationships (Wood, 1995). LITERATURE REVIEW Salesperson Behavior Performance In recent years, a number of authors have been confronted with this issue of the changing role of the sales force. Up-and-coming trends of the extent and scope recorded above require a re-evaluation of the activities that salespeople must execute in order to successfully build and manage customer loyalty. Marshall et al. , (1999), interviewed a diversity of professional salespeople to give evidence for 49 new sales activities that were not pointed out in Moncrief’s (1986) original list. These latest activities fall into the following main categories: communication technology, selling technology, activities related to adaptive and consultative selling, and team-oriented activities. Many of the specific activities within these categories involve skills and content knowledge dissimilar from those traditionally observed in the past as key salesperson success factors. This study therefore will consider how cognitive and emotional satisfaction mediates the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and customer’s intention to word-of-mouth. These situational factors have not been considered in prior research and provide new avenues for examining salesperson presentation skills in Malaysian market and its consequences. Additionally, as most studies have considered salespeople as their unit of analysis, this study will add to the small but imminent body of research that investigates performance and effectiveness relationships at the customer’s level. Formation of loyalty through satisfaction It is by and large believed that satisfaction leads to repeat purchase and positive word-of-mouth recommendation, which are the main indicators of loyalty. Marketing literature has paid much attention to the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty (Chi, 2005). A number of studies have confirmed a significant positive relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty/retention (Chi, 2005). If consumers are satisfied with the product or service, they are more likely to carry on purchasing, and are more willing to spread positive WOM. Salesperson presentation skills Churchill et al. , (1997, p. 367) define selling skill as a salesperson’s â€Å"learned proficiencies at performing job activities,† and describe Salesperson presentation skills as the skills that are associated to successfully conducting the personal selling process (i. e. the series of interconnected steps that salespeople generally use to link with the influence customer). 2 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. , No. 2: E5 Recognizing the importance of salesperson presentation skills, Marshall et al. (2003) gathered and ranked sales manager perceptions of â€Å"success factors† that contribute to salesperson job performance. They report that managers feel that six specific salesperson presentation skills: listening, adaptive selling, handling objections, closing, negotiating, and prospecting (in descending order of perceived importance) are highly important t o salesperson performance (Johlke, 2006). Accordingly, this group of salesperson presentation skills will be used at the heart of the hypothesized model. Customer satisfaction The importance of customer satisfaction to the success of consumer goods manufacturers (Burns Neisner, 2006) and to the success of retailers (Darian et al. , 2001) has been well documented. Customer satisfaction is regarded as a primary determining factor of repeat shopping and purchasing behavior. The greater the degree to which a consumer experiences satisfaction with a retailer, for instance, the greater the probability the consumer will revisit the retailer (Burns Neisner, 2006, p. 49; Wong Sohal, 2003). In summary, we note the distinction between transaction-specific and overall satisfaction, and for this study, we adopt the broader definition of satisfaction whereby the overall measure is an aggregation of all previous transaction-specific satisfaction, and involves both cognitive and affective components. Recently, the overall measure has been shown to be a better predictor of repurchase intentions (Jones Suh, 2000). Research Framework and Hypotheses Based on the review of literatures concerning the study variables on salesperson presentation skills, customer satisfaction, and customer’s intention to word-of-mouth, the theoretical framework for this study was developed based on Oliver’s (1997, p. 392) Cognitive-Affective-Conative Behavior pattern model. This research model has been adapted and used in this study. Relationship between Salesperson presentation skill and Intention to WOM Although a customer’s personality and the employee’s customer orientation were considered an important antecedent to relationship strength, salesperson presentation skill rather than his/her personality would perform a greater part in determining relationship strength (Foster Cadogen, 2000). Salespersons are social actors who learn behaviors that are appropriate to the positions they take up (Bove Johnson, 2000). In other words, salesperson can be motivated to adapt their behavior to situational requirements in spite of personal preferences (Bove Johnson, 2000). To date, there is a lack of studies investigating the numerous aspects of service that are imperative to customer retention (Zeithaml, 2000)? Furthermore, the different outcomes (i. e. 3 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 attitudinal and behavioral) of relationship strength are left predominantly unexplored in the relationship marketing literature. In addition, there is a lack of studies that explore the impact of factors such as salesperson presentation skill on customer’s intention to WOM. Conclusively, there is little empirical work investigating customer relationship economies, which is the link between attitudinal measures (i. e. salesperson presentation skill, customer satisfaction) and behavioral measures (i. e. customer loyalty, intention to repurchase, intention to WOM, and long-term customer relationship profitability), Wong and Sohal, (2006). Therefore, in line with the above reasoning’s and findings, it is conjectured that: H1: There is a direct positive relationship between salesperson’s presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth (WOM). Relationship between Customer satisfaction and customer’s intention to WOM Customer satisfaction is important to marketers because it is usually assumed to be a significant determinant of recurring sales, positive word-of-mouth, intention to repurchase, and customer loyalty. It is worthy to consumers because it reflects a positive outcome following the outlay of limited resources and/or the positive accomplishment of prior needs. As a consequence, maximizing satisfaction is seen as a significant objective, collectively for both the firm and the consumer (Mouri, 2005). Likewise, theory suggests that satisfaction feeds back into the system to influence ensuing intentions and behaviors (Wallace et al. , 2004). Customer’s satisfaction with the shopping experience should reflect well on the retailer. An increase in satisfaction has been shown to result in increased customer loyalty (Donio et al. , 2006). From the above arguments it is hypothesized that: H2: There is a direct positive relationship between customer satisfaction and intention to word-of-mouth. H2a: There is a direct positive relationship between cognitive satisfaction and intention to word-of-mouth. H2b: There is a direct positive relationship between emotional satisfaction and intention to word-of-mouth. The mediating effect of Customer Satisfaction on Salesperson presentation skill and Customer’s intention to WOM relationship. Overall satisfaction with an experience does lead to customer loyalty (Caruana, 2002). Bearden and Teel (1983) argue that customer satisfaction is imperative to the marketer because â€Å"it is generally assumed to be significant determinant of repeat sales, positive word of mouth, intention to repurchase, and consumer loyalty†. Similarly, Bloemer and Poiesz (1989) have also argued that â€Å"satisfaction can be thought of as an important determinant of customer loyalty†, while Selnes (1993) argues that it is satisfaction with a brand or service that leads to 4 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 customer loyalty. This view is also supported by Dick and Basu (1994). LaBarbera and Mazursky (1983) show empirically that brand and service loyal customers had a lower probability to substitute brands or service due to higher levels of satisfaction. On the basis of the above findings, customer satisfaction is indicated as having a function and acting as a mediator in the link between salesperson presentation skills and customer loyalty (Lim, 2004). Therefore, in line with the above reasoning’s and findings, the following were hypothesized: H3: Customer satisfaction mediates the relationship presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth. H3a: between salesperson Cognitive satisfaction mediates the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth. H3b: Emotional satisfaction mediates the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth. METHODOLOGY Sampling Design To have a representative finding, the sampling technique used must be objective. This is an important effort adopted by most researchers in order to furnish a finding pertinent to the general. To choose the sample for this study, probability random sampling was used. A probability sample is necessary if the sample is to be representative of the population (Reeves, 1992). Therefore, a two-stage systematic sampling technique is employed in this study. Population and sample size In determining the sample size for this study, sample size selected was based on the criteria set according to Sawyer and Ball (1981). According to Sawyer and Ball (1981), it is estimated that a proportion of 13% of the explained variance to effect size values is a medium effect size for regression analysis. One common measure of effect size is eta squared. Eta squared represents the proportion of variance of the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable (Pallant, 2005). According to Cohen (1988), the strength of the effect size are interpreted as follows; 0. 01 = small effect size, 0. 06 = moderate effect size, and 0. 14 = large effect size. Thus five independent variables were used and using the statistical significance of 0. 05 (95% confidence level) and an effect size values of . 13 is found to be truly sufficient and not by chance. Goodness of Measure In determining the goodness of data for the study, factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed. Factor analysis was used to assess the convergent validity of the items used in the 5 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 questionnaire while Cronbach’s alpha was performed to examine the internal consistency of the factors obtained. The result of the reliability test are presented in Table 1 Table 1. Reliability Coefficients for the Variables in the Study Construct/Variables Number of Items 3 Cronbach’s Alpha . 75 Mean Std. Dev Sales Presentation skill/Knowledge 3. 78 0. 72 Customer satisfaction Emotional Satisfaction 4 . 84 4. 10 0. 64 Cognitive Satisfaction 4 . 76 3. 85 0. 58 Customer loyalty Word-of-mouth (WOM) 2 . 69 3. 93 0. 59 Note: All items used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree) The result of the reliability analysis sum up in Table 1 confirmed that all the scales shown, reveal a high internal consistency and reliability with Cronbach’s alpha values higher than the minimum perimeter, (Cronbach’s alpha gt; 0. 60). Research Findings and Discussion Hypotheses Testing Multiple regression tests were conducted in order to test the relationship between the predictor variable and the criterion variable. Respondents’ demographic variables such as salesperson are younger or older than the customers, gender, and ethnicity were statistically controlled (Connel et al. , 2003; Hemdi, 2006). Hence, these variables were entered into the regression equation in the first step. The predictor variables were entered in the second step. The following Table’s below summarizes the result of the analyses. Regression Analysis with Control Variables The relationship word-of-mouth between salesperson presentation skills and intention to Table 2. Results of hierarchical regression analysis of salesperson presentation skills on intention to word-of-mouth Predictors Step 1: Control Variables Younger or older Gender Ethnicity 6 Model 1 Std. ? -. 05 -. 01 . 09 Model 2 Std. ? . 01 -. 01 -. 02 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 Step 2: Sales presentation skills R? Adj. R? R? Change F-Change Note. Significant levels: *p

Kudo vs. Kudos

Kudo vs. Kudos Kudo vs. Kudos Kudo vs. Kudos By Maeve Maddox Some English speakers use the word kudo as the singular of kudos. What makes this usage problematic is the fact that kudos is already singular. Kudos is a Greek word meaning â€Å"glory, fame, renown.† It entered the language as student slang back when undergraduates were still required to study Greek at the university. Presumably the early users knew that it was a singular noun. The earliest OED citation for the use of the back-formation kudo is dated 1941. The OED marks the use of singular kudo as â€Å"erroneous,† but Merriam-Webster provides kudo with its own entry, taking care to defend its position in doing so: Some commentators hold that since kudos is a singular word it cannot be used as a plural and that the word kudo is impossible. But kudo does exist M-W’s assertion that kudo â€Å"does exist† makes me think of the comment made by Florence Foster Jenkins (1868-1944) about her excruciating efforts at singing opera: â€Å"People may say I cant sing, but no one can ever say I didnt sing. Inarguably, kudo is a word. Modern English is filled with words that began as errors only to become perfectly acceptable standard words. For example, our words newt and apron are the result of confusion over the indefinite article. What we now call â€Å"a newt† used to be â€Å"an ewt,† but the n of the article became attached to the noun. Conversely, what we call â€Å"an apron† started out as â€Å"a napron.† In Chaucer’s day, what we call a pea was called a pease. The plural was pesen. By the 1600s, pease was viewed as a word that, like sheep, could be either singular or plural. Before the end of the 17th century, pease had become pea in the singular and peas in the plural. That the older form persisted for a time is indicated by the nursery song â€Å"Pease Porridge Hot,† which dates from about 1765. M-W cites pea in its defense of singular kudo. Here are some examples of singular kudo on the web: That deserves a big KUDO! (agricultural site) Riverfront venue kudo deserved (Mankato Free Press) That deserves an even bigger KUDO. (product testimonial) How can I give a kudo to a great comment? (Myspace FAQ) In a way, kudo is like pea; both are back-formations. But the changes in pease and pesen occurred at a time when other number changes were taking place. English speakers once formed the plural of hose as hosen and tree as treen. I can think of only two nouns that have kept the -en plural: child/children, ox/oxen. We still use the plural brethren in a spiritual sense, but the regular plural of brother is brothers. It seems to me that kudo belongs with jocular back-formations like kempt from unkempt and gruntled from disgruntled. In these days of universal education and easy access to reference materials, using kudo seriously doesn’t seem any more acceptable than rendering the word as these writers have: Jane Hamsher deserves Kudo’s (political blogger) Director Brown reported the FB Dept deserves a BIG KUDO’s. (minutes of a public meeting) Kudo’s from clients (category on a technology site) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:What is Dative Case?List of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Clostridium Difficile Infection Prevention Essay

Clostridium Difficile Infection Prevention - Essay Example Health and social care facilities generate a challenging environment due to the operations undertaken on a daily basis. This environment poses as a perfect medium for transfer of the microorganisms from patient, equipment and staff. It is important to be vigilant at all times in these environments due to the vulnerability; pressure associated with opportunist pathogens and the intensity and complexity of health care environments (Angenent & Kelly, 2009). Patients with mild symptoms of c. diff may improve if they stop taking antibiotics. Those with severe symptoms need different antibiotic medication. When the severity suffered is intense, medics administer further therapy. Clostridium difficile is an infection of the colon by the bacterium. It causes colitis by producing toxins that damage the lining of the colon. The symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. It can develop into severe complications, which include dehydration, rupture of the colon, and spread of infection s to the abdominal cavity or body. The most common cause of c. difficile colitis occurs in patients, in the hospitals, though a number of cases out of the hospital have increased. The choice of this topic in this research is influenced by the responsibility burden for social care facilities and health organizations as important pillars in curbing down c. difficile infections. As seen above, these environments are exposed to breeding grounds for the pathogens causing c. diff to grow and infect people easily.... Statistics show that hospitalized patients are more prone to the infection; however, it also affects healthy individuals. Every employee working under health departments has a key responsibility to ensure prevention and management of the infections. This responsibility covers entirely all health and social care organizations, regardless of the patient setting or care provider. Introduction of good health practices is geared towards prevention and management of infections related to pathogens that cause c. diff. There are many attributions to infection or diseases, for example, different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and prions. These microorganisms result in a wide variety of infections (Beltrami, 2010). Such infections include urinary tract, wounds, respiratory, blood, bone and skin infections. To say that not all infections are transmissible will be in order; nonetheless, a majority of them such as influenza, clostridium difficile and norovirus can spread from on e person to another hence end up causing transmissible infections (Artel, 2011). Health and social care facilities should be made responsible for enhancing good health practices. Health and social care facilities generate a challenging environment due to the operations undertaken on a daily basis. This environment poses as a perfect medium for transfer of the microorganisms from patient, equipment and staff. It is important to be vigilant at all times in these environments due to the vulnerability; pressure associated with opportunist pathogens and the intensity and complexity of health care environments (Angenent & Kelly, 2009). Patients with mild symptoms of c. diff may improve if they stop taking antibiotics. Those with severe symptoms need different antibiotic medication. When

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 198

Assignment Example Then in the very next point, he says that students should practice before studying a grammar rule. In the observed lesson, the teacher was working on improving comprehension skills. She began by distributing comprehension worksheets to the entire class. Then she gave a brief summary of what was expected of the class. She then asked the class to read the entire comprehension. While some were reading the essay, other students had read the essay. She involved those students in a small group discussion while the rest of the students completed reading the comprehension exercise. Later she asked the students to read the questions and answer them. While students were doing this, she observed the entire class for students who were experiencing difficulty. She helped them out. As some students finished early, the teacher began discussing the answers. She even asked students to exchange their work to get a feedback from other student. In this way, the pacing of the lesson was such that every student was involved in the lesson. The teacher ended the lesson by reading the questions aloud and discussing the answers. According to the teacher, she had divided the lecture into four parts. The first part was introducing the lesson, the second part was involving the students into the lesson. The third part was the most important as students completed the learning activity. The final part was closure where the teacher took feedback from her students. Answer: The criteria for determining the success of a learning activity is by assessing the level of comprehension of the students. This can be judged through assessments and feedbacks. The teacher can also determine the success by observing the class which the learning activities is being conducted. If the students are immersed in the activity and are enjoying the activity, then it is most likely to be successful. In my opinion, an effective learning activity should be able to develop an

Bshs305 R2 Ethical Scenario Essay Example for Free

Bshs305 R2 Ethical Scenario Essay Read the following scenario: Shannon is a juvenile probation officer with the Department of Juvenile Justice. Recently, she covered her coworker, Janet’s client load, while Janet was on vacation. Shannon met with several of Janet’s clients. After meeting with clients, she discovered a pattern in which the clients would report that they have not seen Janet in 2 to 3 months. However, the case files reflected face-to-face contact with all of her clients, despite what her clients stated. When Shannon investigated further, she found that the client notes were all at the same day and time, which is unlikely. Further, several of Janet’s clients needed referrals for counseling, but Janet never completed them and has not followed up to ensure her clients are receiving the necessary services. Janet is a close friend of Shannon. Shannon does not want to get Janet in trouble but realizes something must be done. Answer, in a 75- to 100-word response, each of the following questions: 1. What are the ethical issues involved in the scenario? Human service professionals are obligated to provide high-quality service to their clients. Most codes of ethics indicate that the helper’s first responsibility is to enhance and protect the client’s welfare. One of the ethical standard is the human service professional’s responsibility to clients. Standard 2: â€Å"Human service professionals’ respect the integrity and welfare of the client at all times. Each client is treated with respect, acceptance, and dignity†. Unfortunately in this scenario Janet failed to respect her clients’ welfare. She not only had issues of breaking several ethical codes she literally failed her moral responsibility. 2. What client rights are involved in the scenario? The client has a right to actively participate in their treatment plan. They are privy to view their personal chart which would show them the fabricated notes of the helper. The system failed this client and the client is able to request for a new helper. Although the client has a right to a professional disclosure statement as to see the qualifications of his helper, chances are this helper would not disclose their unethical behavior. 3. What, if any, client rights were violated? I feel the clients rights were violated by the misguided treatment of the helper. The client was not treated with dignity, respect or integrity. They were violated in a as â€Å"helpers are ethically obligated to provide quality services†. Also the helping professional is committed to helping clients develop to the best of their abilities. The helper was not even servicing the client and in that aspect the client has been violated on several different levels of ethical codes. Ethical Decision Scenario BSHS/305 Version 2 2 4. How you would use the ethical decision-making model to address or resolve the situation? First of I would identify the problem which are two issues, first one is the clients are not receiving necessary services. Second issue is Janet lied on legal documents. I would review the ethical guidelines and consult with a co-worker as to how I should proceed with the probable course of action. I would then select the course of action and follow through with my obligation to assure clients receive due services and I would make sure Janet does not make this mistake again. I would report Janet’s actions to my supervisor and hope Janet understands that I am just doing my job.

Essay --

Fish constitutes a key source of animal protein for much of the world’s population.[1] Global fishery catches from marine ecosystems were highest in the mid-1980s and have been decreasing ever since despite increasing fishing effort [2]. Many of the world’s oceans wild fish stocks are completely exploited, so the capture fisheries are no longer sustainable. In 2004 the United Nations State of the World’s Fisheries report indicated that â€Å"52 percent of the oceans' wild fish stocks are fully exploited.[3]. In response to the decline of wild fisheries, many of the countries have put their effort to aquaculture. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic plants and animals. FAO placed the global Aquaculture at 60 million tonnes in 2010,[1], which is about 41.2 % of the total fish production in the World. European Union (EU) countries contribute to 4% of the world aquaculture production. The value of EU aquaculture production was â‚ ¬ 3.1 billion for 1.26 million tonnes of production in 2010[4]. Available data show a growing gap – estimated at 8 million tonnes – between the level of consumption of seafood in the EU and the volume of captures from fisheries. Thus the European Union is giving a priority to expansion of Aquaculture in its Members countries. Because of the many issues involved aquaculture, there is a deliberate measu re by the EU to keep up policies which will ensure that the expansion of aquaculture is in done in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable way by member countries. Here I discuss the general concepts of aquaculture and the significance of the EU aquaculture policies under the EU Union common fisheries policy (CFP) for the growth of aquaculture in the region. I also compare these policies with other ma... ...ave led to success of china aquaculture include availability of market, diverse and diversity of fish products. Prioritization of the aquaculture as important sector of the economy also contributes to the significance difference in production between the EU and china.[13] The major differences that can be seen between aquaculture in China and in the European union is that in china aquaculture production is more focused to production while the European Union focuses on the Environmental challenges. Conclusion The aquaculture sector has a strategic importance in contribution to food security and its growth is very promising especially under the blue growth economy. Despite the many challenges facing the aquaculture industry in the EU the growth can be realized if the polices and strategies under the CFP for aquaculture are implemented by the member countries. â€Æ' Essay -- Fish constitutes a key source of animal protein for much of the world’s population.[1] Global fishery catches from marine ecosystems were highest in the mid-1980s and have been decreasing ever since despite increasing fishing effort [2]. Many of the world’s oceans wild fish stocks are completely exploited, so the capture fisheries are no longer sustainable. In 2004 the United Nations State of the World’s Fisheries report indicated that â€Å"52 percent of the oceans' wild fish stocks are fully exploited.[3]. In response to the decline of wild fisheries, many of the countries have put their effort to aquaculture. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic plants and animals. FAO placed the global Aquaculture at 60 million tonnes in 2010,[1], which is about 41.2 % of the total fish production in the World. European Union (EU) countries contribute to 4% of the world aquaculture production. The value of EU aquaculture production was â‚ ¬ 3.1 billion for 1.26 million tonnes of production in 2010[4]. Available data show a growing gap – estimated at 8 million tonnes – between the level of consumption of seafood in the EU and the volume of captures from fisheries. Thus the European Union is giving a priority to expansion of Aquaculture in its Members countries. Because of the many issues involved aquaculture, there is a deliberate measu re by the EU to keep up policies which will ensure that the expansion of aquaculture is in done in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable way by member countries. Here I discuss the general concepts of aquaculture and the significance of the EU aquaculture policies under the EU Union common fisheries policy (CFP) for the growth of aquaculture in the region. I also compare these policies with other ma... ...ave led to success of china aquaculture include availability of market, diverse and diversity of fish products. Prioritization of the aquaculture as important sector of the economy also contributes to the significance difference in production between the EU and china.[13] The major differences that can be seen between aquaculture in China and in the European union is that in china aquaculture production is more focused to production while the European Union focuses on the Environmental challenges. Conclusion The aquaculture sector has a strategic importance in contribution to food security and its growth is very promising especially under the blue growth economy. Despite the many challenges facing the aquaculture industry in the EU the growth can be realized if the polices and strategies under the CFP for aquaculture are implemented by the member countries. â€Æ'

Pips changing character Essay

Explore how dickens builds atmosphere and reveals aspects of Pips changing character in three scenes of your choice. A Great Expectation is considered by many to be Charles Dickens greatest novel. Dickens wrote the book from the first person perspective so when reading the book Pip is telling the story after it actually happened. The story is about the life of Phillip Pirrip (Pip). We follow the growth of Pip. The story follows Pips formation from childhood to adulthood. The story shows us how events in his life change his attitudes. Unfortunately instead of growing up to be a gentleman he turns out a snob. The story is based on how the older generation uses the younger generation to get back at society. We see this when Miss havisham says to Estella ‘Well, you can break his heart’. She said this when Estella was complaining about having to play cards with Pip. Miss Havisham wants Estella to break Pips heart because once she had her heart broken . Pip was also being used by Magwitch. Magwitch uses Pip by bringing him to London and bringing him up to be a gentleman. This is getting back at society because society looked down at Magwitch. When Pip visits Miss Havisham for the first time Dickens gives us lots of clues to what she will be like before he actually meets her. Firstly her house is called Satis house which Estella says ‘Its other name was Satis which is Greek or Latin or Hebrew or all 3 or one to me – for enough’. This is a warning that Miss Havisham is fed up and had enough of life. Also upon arriving at Miss Havisham’s house Dickens builds up the atmosphere by writing ‘The cold wind seemed to blow colder there than outside the gate and it made a shrill noise in howling in and out at the open sides of the brewery. Like the noise of wind in the rigging of a ship at sea’. This creates a gloomy atmosphere and makes the reader think something bad is inside. Once Pip enters Miss Havisham’s room Dickens writes a paragraph describing Miss Havisham. HE writes about how she is dressed. ‘She was dressed in rich materials – satins and lace and silks all of white. ‘ ‘Some bright jewels sparkled on her neck and on her hands†¦. ‘ This gives us a good impression of her but then Dickens writes ‘but I saw that everything within my view which ought to be white had been white long ago and had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow’. These represents that she was once happy but mow her life has gone sour and she is bitter. The room in which Miss Havisham was had no source of daylight it was lit by the odd candle. This shows us that there is no light left in her life.

Marketing Mix of Nescafe Essay

Marketing can be defined as the process of introducing a product or service to the world for the purpose of selling that product or service to the customers. Without marketing, product or services cannot be successfully provide value to customers based on their interests, needs and preferences. Marketing not only based on the selling of a products or service, but also understanding the needs of the market and research and find whether their product meets customer’s needs or not and Improve. For the successful marketing of product and services we used different marketing techniques. For instance, most of the well established firms are using the techniques like marketing mix, target market etc. The Concept of Marketing Mix. Borden began using the term in his teaching in the late 1940’s after James Culliton had described the marketing manager as a â€Å"mixer of ingredients†. The ingredients in Borden’s marketing mix included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories. These are the 4 P’s of Marketing Mix .These four P’s are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that center the four P’s on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response. Marketing mix is an important technique in marketing. By researching the market, the organizations identify the most suitable marketing mix. The marketing mix should consist of the right product sold at the right price in the right place by using the attractive promotional technique. In this assignment, am making an analysis of Nescafe by taking into consideration of 4Ps of marketing mix. To analyze the different products of Nescafe To analyze the distribution mix of product To study the pricing strategy taken by the company Finally, to analyze the different promotional method they used. Let’s see the evolution of the product. History of Nescafe The NESCAFÉ coffee you’re enjoying today is a perfect brew of the brand’s long-standing history, Nescafe begins at 1930. When Brazil had a substantial surplus of coffee, and needed help preserving it for Nestle. Upon the request of the Brazilian government, NESTLÉ began abrewin’! Our coffee specialist, Max Morgenthaler, and his team had a simple proposition – a delicious cup of coffee by simply adding hot water. With this guiding principle, the team worked hard to find a way to make soluble coffee that would not lose out on the coffee’s natural flavor. Seven years later, they found the answer. NESCAFÉ was finally ready. Named by using the first three letters in NESTLÉ and prefixing it to cafà ©, NESCAFÉ was the brand new name in coffee. First introduced in Switzerland, on April 1st, 1938, it was anticipated to be a huge success throughout Europe. However, because of World War II, its popularity took longer than expected. Soon af ter the first half of the next decade, NESCAFÉ was exported to France, Great Britain, and the USA. American forces played the role of brand ambassadors in Europe, because NESCAFÉ was a staple in their food rations. Instant coffee processing was invented by Japanese chemist in1901. Nestle revolutionized the way of instant coffee was made. Later nestle invented the process for dehydrating the concentrated coffee for improving the quality of coffee. On the next decade, Nescafe exported to France, Great Britain and USA. Its popularity grew rapidly and the production of its US plant was reserved for Military use. On 1950 onwards, teenagers one of the choice was coffee. Over the year the company concentrates in new innovation then, they introduce pure soluble coffee in 1952, roast coffee beans, and freeze dried soluble coffee in 1965. For improving the quality again they invented aroma process. These innovations help to Nescafe to the world leading coffee brand. Target  market Target market is a group of customers, who has the potential to buy services and products. The main strategies of the marketing are identifying the target market. The producer has to manufacture their products based on the customer’s needs and want and also implementing the marketing mix to satisfy its target group. Target market can be separated on the bases of demographic, psychographic and geographic. Target markets of Nescafe’s are coffee drinkers, specifically those who made coffee at their own home. So Nescafe offers a 100% pure coffee to the customers. Demographic factors Age: In the past, Nescafe focused on morning peoples only but now they are mostly focus on youth having the age of below 35 year old. Gender: The coffee drinkers are not to be classified on the bases of gender because both genders use the product. Education: A person who has the average level of education can easily grasp the method of instant coffee making. Income: The target group of the product is the peoples with average income and above. Family life cycle: all stages of families can use this product. Psychographic Factors Brand Consciousness: some of the peoples who prefer branded product only. So they prefer Nescafe. Nescafe is one of the leading brands in the world. Health Practice: peoples who want freshness in the morning or evening, they use coffee. Life style: The target markets of the Nescafe are peoples who lead the standard life style. Geographic Factors Region: Nescafe is mostly popular in the urban and semi urban areas. Density: Nescafe always focused on high density of population. In these areas the usage of the product is higher. Marketing mix Marketing mix is an important technique in marketing. By researching the  market, the organizations identify the most suitable marketing mix. The marketing mix should consist of the right product sold at the right price in the right place by using the attractive promotional technique. Product: The term product means anything that can be tangible or intangible, offered by the company. The company is mainly focused on customer needs and wants. Based on the value of the product, the customer should satisfy with the quality of the product. (Boundless) Nescafe is the one of the world largest leading coffee manufacturing company. They give valuable products to customers. They provide a wide range of coffee products for coffee lovers. Let’s see the different varieties of coffee product in the market. EVERYDAY COFFEE Nescafe classic: Nescafe Classic coffee is leading coffee powder that’s loved all over the world. Nescafe classic is a coffee that is for everyday use. It is a powered form and made with 100% of genuine coffee beans. No other ingredients are added to this product. Nescafe classic gives comfort and motivation. It can be prepared by simply few steps. Just take a spoon full of coffee powder and mix it with hot water and also add sugar to it. Now your coffee is ready. so every morning and evening it gives freshness to the mind. It contains 269 kj energy, 27g fiber and 25 g ant oxides per 100g packet. So this product is good for the health (Nescafe) . In an 8 ounce bottle produce 135-150 cups of coffee. Nescafe 3 in 1 Nescafe 3 in 1 is coffee is the combination of whitener and sugar along with coffee. So it gives a different taste with other. Some peoples are most likely to have coffee with milk. So Nescafe made this product for coffee lovers who like coffee with whitener. It contains 1758 kj of energy and 73.8g carbohydrate. Super premium coffee: Nescafe Alta Rica: Nescafe Alta Rica is the super-premium product of Nescafe and it is a full  bodied instant coffee. It contains 100% pure Arabica from Latin America. (Coffee Arabica is the species originally from highland of Ethiopia (wikipedia)). It is made from pure and natural coffee beans. It has intensive flavor and deep, rounded taste (Tesco).Nescafe Alta Rica is a slightly bitter and roasty finish coffee. Nescafe Alta Rica instant coffee rated 9 out of 10. It contains between 80-100 mg of caffeine per cup. (discount coffe.co.uk) Nescafe Cap Colombia: Nescafe Cap Colombia is another super premium product of Nescafe. It is the smoothest and fruitiest coffee in the Nescafe collection. It contains only 100% Arabica beans from South America. Roast the Arabica beans and create a medium bodied coffee taste. It has a fruity aroma. It also contains 502 kj energy and 34.1g fiber nutrition. This product is good after dinner coffee. (dicount coffee) Nescafe Espresso: Nescafe espresso is the one of the exclusive range of product in Nescafe collection Range. It is made from 100% Arabica beans, this instant coffee is so convenient and yet so flavorful. It is dark, juicy and aromatic taste. It contains 484kj energy nutrition and 21.5g antioxidants. PREMIUM COFFEE: Nescafe Gold: Nescafe Gold is the coffee lover’s coffee. It contains Arabica and Handful of Robusta Beans added for getting a smooth rounded taste. The roast they bring to Gentle Caramel flavors and finally getting a juicy aroma. It contains 269 kj energy nutrition and 27g fiber nutrition. Nescafe Green Blend: Nestle New Zealand has launched the Nescafe Green blend coffee.it contains 70% more antioxidants polyphenols than green tea. Nescafe Green Blend is a product made by unroasted green coffee beans and roasted coffee beans. This product has a high rate of polyphenol antioxidant (polyphenol anti-oxidant is an oxidant polyphenolic or natural phenol substructure. (wikipedia)). So  this product is very helpful for maintaining the body in good health over time. It is specially created by coffee experts for health benefits. (Nescafe) Nescafe Cappuccino: Nescafe Cappuccino is an Italian specialty coffee conquered the heart of people. It contains soluble coffee with whitener, sugar and topping. It is made of third of espresso (espresso is coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans (wikipedia)), a third form of hot milk and third form of frothy milk. There are two variant of cappuccino. They are cappuccino chiaro and cappuccino scuro. Cappuccino chiaro made with more milk which is also called white cappuccino and cappuccino scuro is made with less milk which is also called dark cappuccino it also contain 1641 kj energy nutrition and 69.6 g carbohydrate with sugar. Decaff coffee: Decaffeinated coffee is a coffee that removes the caffeine by the process of decaffeination. The following picture depicts the decaffeination process: Nescafe classic Decaff: Nescafe classic decaff is a powered coffee after the safely removal of caffeine.it contains 100% decaffeinated coffee beans with refreshing taste. It contains 269 kj energy nutrition and 27.0 g fiber nutrition. Price: The second important criterion in marketing mix is Price. Price is the amount of money that customers pay in order to purchase a product. Price is very important to determine the company’s profit. Marketers should ensure the products price correctly based on the competitive products. Before setting a price marketers must aware about the value of the product. When considering the price of the Nescafe product. The company set the price in well-established pricing manner. The table below depicts the pricing strategy of the Nescafe product. PLACE This refers to the area where the ready product is to be supplied. There must be a proper place to keep the ready food products where the buyers are available. Besides the place, allocation and arranging of the product also has its own importance in attracting the potential buyers. Place also refers in making available the product at right time too. Customer makes decisions based on convenience and invests little effort in choosing Nescafe, since it is a convenient product. Intermediaries play a significant role in Nescafe distribution and exposure of the product to the potential customers. An intermediary constitutes stores like supermarkets, superstore, wall mart etc. Fig 24 (food basics) Promotion: Promotion is the last step of marketing mix. Promotion refers to increase the customer awareness of the brand or particular product and through this awareness they generating more sales and promoting the brand name into higher level. Promotional activities are very important for every product. Nescafe is the leading coffee brand in the world. This brand image is boosted up with different promotional activities at different times. There are different promotional activities for promoting their products and brand name. They are : Advertisement Advertisement: Advertisement is the one of the tool to encourage the audience. Television advertising and online media advertising are the two important advertisement used by Nescafe. The main aim of the advertisement is give awareness about the product to the public. Nescafe used different advertisement in social media, online advertisement, television etc. In store promotional activities: In store promotional activities are those activities done in the store for promoting the product. Nescafe used different in-store promotional activities. They are Poster (brodericks): Bill board (global advertisie): Attractive offers: Nescafe provides attractive offers to customers for promoting the product. Buy a 200g Nescafe gold and get 1 travel mug for free. (theodmgroup) Attractive packing: Nescafe products are packed attractively. This is the tool to attract the customers for buying that product. So Nescafe used different packaging for attracting the customers. Example: (free range) Conclusion: Through the detailed study of Nescafe, it was able to get a clear picture about the various products of Nescafe and the marketing technique adopted by them. It also helped to know about the history of the company. The success of the product lies in the organization and coordination of 4 P’s. They are product, place, price and promotion. Nescafe attract the customers by their brand name, product packaging and advertisement. It also conquered the beverage market of the world. Pricing tactics helps the product to fight against the competitors. Nowadays competition in the beverage market is too tough. However, they don’t give any reduction in the quality of the product. The promotional activities have done by Nescafe covers all means of promotions tools like online-advertisements, television, radio, social media etc. Through the publicity campaign they are trying to improve their brand name into higher level and within years they will become the top one coffee manufacture in the world. Reference: Works Cited /search?q=nescafe+arabica. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?q=nescafe+arabica&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSZxplCxCo1NgEGgQIAAgDDAsQsIynCBo8CjoIAhIU2xf-Gd8J9xnJDuQK0xCDHOUW_1hAaINQIFUbHVE1WK3WX6JMDjSEdKHVwPNaMNoxdjBLKxb_1LDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEwmQCiQw&sa=X&ei=8MOsU6rDG4fO8wHnuIDgAg&ved=0CBoQwg4o Boundless. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.boundless.com: https://www.boundless.com/marketing/an-overview-of-marketing/introduction-to-marketing/products-placement-promotion-price/ brodericks. (n.d.). Retrieved from brodericks: http://brodericks.typepad.com/.a/6a010536ca9806970b0163044c8922970d-500wi dicount coffee. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.discountcoffee.com: http://www.discountcoffee.co.uk/products/nescafe-dolce-gusto-espresso-coffee-pack-of-16 discount coffe.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.discountcoffee.co.uk: http://www.discountcoffee.co.uk/products/nescafe-alta-rica-coffee-500g facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/Nescafe.CA facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=683891298343900&set=a.559895024076862.1073741828.540082329391465&type=1&theater facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from facebook.com: www.facebook.com/10377001_712128892186807_5165054037162719655_n facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=641479015918462&set=pb.540082329391465.-2207520000.1403832018.&type=3&theater files2.coloribus.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.files2.coloribus.com: http://files2.coloribus.com/files/adsarchive/part_1293/12938055/nescafe-nescafe-more-bean-more-taste-600-54763.jpg free range. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.freerange.org.uk: http://www.free-range.org.uk/images/images/6583.jpg ggpht. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://lh4.ggpht.com/rXRK1v0r4TblVOuVtkPhowI07cwRqPuZM3sc66VN8exp9B4T7HspTOyCWA6GNM-9NQme2ww=s114 global advertisie. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.globaladvertise.com: http://globaladvertisers.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dsc05518.jpg homeduka. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.homeduuka.com: http://www.homeduuka.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/nestle_nescafe-classic-100g.jpg ih4.ggpht.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.com: https://lh4.ggpht.com/wSbaLeEXSKiNihU4jZQ9robHLQtrjFILPtIVywYpIzdq4rlJ1D_7CLgwA2tA9VO8BNMT4w=s170 lh5.ggpht.com . (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://lh5.ggpht.com/Y6rA_sIqGY0t1SKEF3z2H3_K6Ul3-TE1Fp0lIjylMCgGym353MsW5Yj9d2BAM6lNhmT_gw=s85 lh6.ggpht.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://lh6.ggpht.com/4-HbKOcjPKZf5y8f4u6HWJmufnoR18PLy76887ovoklijUD7OrTk9JuDsoRAw8STXD4-usQ=s85 Nescafe. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.nescafe.com: http://www.nescafe.com/coffee_history_en_com.axcms Nescafe. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.nescafe.com: http://www.nescafe.com/products_flash_en_com.axcms?ActiveID=1244#/?content=detail&imageid=72 nescafe+gold+blend. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?q=nescafe+gold+blend&sa=G&tbm=isch&imgil=IjK-p9Crl0baeM%253A%253Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fencrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com%252Fimages%253Fq%253Dtbn%253AANd9GcSd3QqMF9DuH8crDMJwtYth-HNT71jfiVlrHyI2qB7ULYs-lfT3RQ%253B200%253B200%253BKPeUML obchod.activa.cz. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: http://obchod.activa.cz/public/images/1503/131503/0510_1008240_maly.jpg photobuket. (n.d.). Retri eved from www.photobucket.com: http://i1108.photobucket.com/albums/h413/cocoholicpexers/TVC/nescafecocom001.jpg savingmoneyinmissouri. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.savingmoneyinmissouri.com: http://www.savingmoneyinmissouri.com/price-comparisons-nescafe-products/ search. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?tbs=sbi:AMhZZitLrEqULWPpGw51upcvBvd_1x8Ryy4LjYGsWBFdamRbSoP-MIcuY6FuMvAAZjZG3c62VMGxme02fPxQfGEFlLKSXZU0TkYWwA-fHXCo5R4CVe4Il1ebHk8vzRgLW7PuSJ1tFNcWNBjmrt3TCs5O-jvgn0-Z4hPwTLzRHkv8LalQpoK31Kl4nTYoW-BrD8w7j6M5mvLj_1c1INeyVWBuXq search?q=nescafe+3+in+1. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?q=nescafe+3+in+1&sa=G&tbm=isch&imgil=zDcJtNPTjMWblM%253A%253Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fencrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com%252Fimages%253Fq%253Dtbn%253AANd9GcT053DrIIVpJCAilAUoXraS1phXdKueUigNvt10pqsPY5cDTa36CQ%253B290%253B419%253BbhAV3sGTls search?sa=G&q=nescafe+arabica. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?sa=G&q=nescafe+arabica&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSZxplCxCo1NgEGgQIAAgDDAsQsIynCBo8CjoIAhIU2xf-Gd8J9xnJDuQK0xCDHOUW_1hAaINQIFUbHVE1WK3WX6JMDjSEdKHVwPNaMNoxdjBLKxb_1LDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEwmQCiQw&ei=hMqsU67LEci_8QGQy4GACg&ved=0CBoQwg4o search?tbs=sbi:. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.c a: https://www.google.ca/search?tbs=sbi:AMhZZis2Lfwsem70ZUbOJ-MF-gP2i0b_1MuvHrzoogtZseR34bese_1w7tcDuaFyYO3ut6thsAiyNS5CEfxoOQEHzqgZHpZsRCqO_1Xj_1WuXTRM54ajuVpKi6fWXrHxY0ZTgAp2zWMUlIlowoohpe0TNd_1LGP4iVLNlPPcp-HiSuNMkVQqcrf4mIghpi3VLKulp8DhxqTa_1chVzxx8WQzwh Tesco. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.tesco.com: http://www.tesco.com/groceries/product/details/?id=271197305 theodmgroup. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.theodmgroup.com: http://www.theodmgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/dsc001591.jpg Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.twitter.com: https://twitter.com/NESCAFE walmartimages. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: http://i.walmartimages.com/i/p/00/02/80/00/54/0002800054465_500X500.jpg wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from e.wikipedia.org: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea_arabica wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from en.wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol_antioxidant wikipedia. (n.d.). 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Connection Between GMOs and Evolution

Connection Between GMOs and Evolution While different organizations seem to have differing opinions on this widely used technique in the world of nutrition, the fact is that agriculture has been using GMO plants for decades. Scientists believed it would be a safer alternative to using pesticides on crops. By using genetic engineering, scientists were able to create a plant that was inherently immune to pests without the harmful chemicals. Are GMOs Safe to Consume? Since the genetic engineering of crops and other plants and animals is a relatively new scientific endeavor, no long-term studies have been able to produce a definitive answer on the question of safety of the consumption of these modified organisms. Studies are continuing into this question and will scientists will hopefully have an answer for the public about the safety of GMO foods that is neither biased nor fabricated. GMOs and the Environment There have also been environmental studies of these genetically modified plants and animals to see the effects of these changed individuals on the overall health of the species as well as the evolution of species. Some concerns that are being tested are what effects do these GMO plants and animals have on the wild type plants and animals of the species. Do they behave like invasive species and try to out compete natural organisms in the area and take over the niche while the regular, non-manipulated organisms begin to die out? Does the changing of the genome give these GMOs a sort of advantage when it comes to natural selection? What happens when a GMO plant and a regular plant cross-pollinate? Will the genetically modified DNA be found more frequently in the offspring or will it continue to hold true to what we know about genetic ratios? GMOs and Natural Selection If the GMOs do happen to have an advantage for natural selection and live long enough to reproduce while the wild type plants and animals begin to die out, what does this mean for the evolution of those species? If that trend continues where the modified organisms seem to have the desired adaptation, it stands to reason that those adaptations will be passed down to the next generation of offspring and become more prevalent in the population. However, if the environment changes, it could be that the genetically modified genomes are no longer the favorable trait, then natural selection could swing the population in the opposite direction and cause the wild type to become more successful than the GMO. There have not been any definitive long-term studies published yet that can link the advantages and/or disadvantages of having organisms that have been genetically modified just hanging around out in nature with wild plants and animals. Therefore, the effect GMOs would have on evolution is speculative and has not been fully tested or verified at this point in time. While many short-term studies do point to the wild type organisms being affected by the presence of the GMOs, any long-term effects that will impact the evolution of the species is yet to be determined. Until these long-term studies have been completed, verified, and supported by evidence, these hypotheses will continue to be debated by scientists and the public alike.

Major General Anthony Wayne in the American Revolution

Major General Anthony Wayne in the American Revolution Early Life: Born January 1, 1745, at the family home in Waynesborough, PA, Anthony Wayne was the son of Isaac Wayne and Elizabeth Iddings. At a young age, he was sent to nearby Philadelphia to be educated at a school run by his uncle, Gabriel Wayne. During the course of the schooling, the young Anthony proved unruly and interested in a military career. After his father interceded, he began to apply himself intellectually and later studied at the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania) ultimately studied to become a surveyor. In 1765, he was dispatched to Nova Scotia on behalf of a Pennsylvania land company which included Benjamin Franklin among its owners. Remaining in Canada for a year, he helped found the Township of Monckton before returning to Pennsylvania. Arriving home, he joined his father in operating a successful tannery which became the largest in Pennsylvania. Continuing to work as a surveyor on the side, Wayne became an increasingly prominent figure in the colony and married Mary Penrose at Christ Church in Philadelphia in 1766.   The couple would ultimately have two children, Margaretta (1770) and Isaac (1772). When Waynes father died in 1774, Wayne inherited the company. Actively involved in local politics, he encouraged revolutionary feelings among his neighbors and served in the Pennsylvania legislature in 1775. With the outbreak of the American Revolution, Wayne aided in the raising of regiments from Pennsylvania for service with the newly-formed Continental Army. Still retaining an interest in military matters, he successfully obtained a commission as the colonel of the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment in early 1776. The American Revolution Begins: Dispatched north to aid Brigadier General Benedict Arnold and the American campaign in Canada, Wayne took part in the American defeat to Sir Guy Carleton at the Battle of Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8. In the fighting, he distinguished himself by directing a successful rearguard action and conducting a fighting withdrawal as the American forces fell back. Joining the retreat up (south) Lake Champlain, Wayne was given command of the area around Fort Ticonderoga later that year. Promoted to brigadier general on February 21, 1777, he later traveled south of join General George Washingtons army and to take command of the Pennsylvania Line (the colonys Continental troops). Still relatively inexperienced, Waynes promotion irritated some officers who had more extensive military backgrounds. In his new role, Wayne first saw action at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11 where American forces were beaten by General Sir William Howe. Holding a line along the Brandywine River at Chadds Ford, Waynes men resisted attacks by Hessian forces led by Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen. Ultimately pushed back when Howe flanked Washingtons army, Wayne conducted a fighting retreat from the field. Shortly after Brandywine, Waynes command was the victim of a surprise attack on the night of September 21 by British forces under Major General Charles Grey. Dubbed the Paoli Massacre, the engagement saw Waynes division caught unprepared and driven from the field. Recovering and reorganizing, Waynes command played a key role at the Battle of Germantown on October 4. During the opening phases of the battle, his men aided in exerting heavy pressure on the British center. With the battle going favorably, his men fell victim to a friendly fire incident that led them to retreat. Defeated again, the Americans withdrew into winter quarters at nearby Valley Forge. During the long winter, Wayne was dispatched to New Jersey on a mission to gather cattle and other foodstuffs for the army. This mission was largely successful and he returned in February 1778. Departing Valley Forge, the American army moved in pursuit of the British who were withdrawing to New York. At the resulting Battle of Monmouth, Wayne and his men entered the fight as part of Major General Charles Lees advance force. Badly handled by Lee and compelled to start retreating, Wayne assumed command of part of this formation and re-established a line. As the battle continued, he fought with distinction as the Americans stood up to the attacks of British regulars. Advancing behind the British, Washington assumed positions in New Jersey and the Hudson Valley. Leading the Light Infantry: As the 1779 campaigning season began, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton sought to lure Washington out of the mountains of New Jersey and New York and into a general engagement. To accomplish this, he dispatched around 8,000 men up the Hudson. As part of this movement, the British seized Stony Point on the western bank of the river as well as Verplancks Point on the opposite shore. Assessing the situation, Washington instructed Wayne to take command of the armys Corps of Light Infantry and recapture Stony Point. Developing a daring attack plan, Wayne moved forward on the night of July 16, 1779 (Map). In the resulting Battle of Stony Point, Wayne directed his men to rely on the bayonet as to prevent a musket discharge from alerting the British to the impending attack. Exploiting flaws in the British defenses, Wayne led his men forward and, despite sustaining a wound, succeeded in capturing the position from the British. For his exploits, Wayne was awarded a gold medal from Congress. Remaining outside of New York in 1780, he aided in foiling Major General Benedict Arnolds plans to turn over West Point to the British by shifting troops to the fort after his treason was uncovered. At the end of the year, Wayne was forced to deal with a mutiny in the Pennsylvania Line caused by pay issues. Going before Congress, he advocated for his troops and was able to resolve the situation though many men left the ranks. Mad Anthony: During the winter of 1781, Wayne is said to have earned his nickname Mad Anthony after an incident involving one of his spies known as Jemmy the Rover. Thrown in jail for disorderly conduct by local authorities, Jemmy sought aid from Wayne. Refusing, Wayne instructed that Jemmy be given 29 lashes for his behavior leading the spy to say that the general was mad. Having rebuilt his command, Wayne moved south to Virginia to join a force led by the Marquis de Lafayette. On July 6, Lafayette attempted an attack on Major General Lord Charles Cornwalliss rearguard at Green Spring. Leading the assault, Waynes command advanced into a British trap. Nearly overwhelmed, he held off the British with a daring bayonet charge until Lafayette could arrive to aid in extricating his men. Later in the campaign season, Washington moved south along with French troops under the Comte de Rochambeau. Uniting with Lafayette, this force besieged and captured Cornwallis army at the Battle of Yorktown. After this victory, Wayne was sent to Georgia to combat Native American forces which were threatening the frontier. Successful, he was awarded a large plantation by the Georgia legislature. Later Life: With the end of the war, Wayne was promoted to major general on October 10, 1783, before returning to civilian life. Living in Pennsylvania, he operated his plantation from afar and served in the state legislature from 1784-1785. A strong supporter of the new US Constitution, he was elected to Congress to represent Georgia in 1791. His time in the House of Representatives proved short-lived as he failed to meet the Georgia residency requirements and was forced to step down the following year. His entanglements in the South soon ended when his lenders foreclosed on the plantation. In 1792, with the Northwest Indian War ongoing, President Washington sought to end a string of defeats by appointing Wayne to take over operations in the region. Realizing that previous forces had lacked training and discipline, Wayne spent much of 1793, drilling and instructing his men. Titling his army the Legion of the United States, Waynes force included light and heavy infantry, as well as cavalry and artillery. Marching north from present-day Cincinnati in 1793, Wayne built a series of forts to protect his supply lines and the settlers in his rear. Advancing north, Wayne engaged and crushed a Native American army under Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. The victory at ultimately led to the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which ended the conflict and removed Native American claims to Ohio and the surrounding lands. In 1796, Wayne made a tour of the forts on the frontier before beginning the journey home. Suffering from gout, Wayne died on December 15, 1796, while at Fort Presque Isle (Erie, PA). Initially buried there, he body was disinterred in 1809 by his son and his bones returned to the family plot at St. Davids Episcopal Church in Wayne, PA.

Compensation and Benefit Strategy Research Paper

Compensation and Benefit Strategy - Research Paper Example On analyzing the human resource activities in the organization, it was transpired that the main reason why the employees quit their job is that the compensation and benefit packages paid to them are below average as compared to other organizations. Though many of the work positions in the company involve hazards, and people in various departments are putting in extra working hours, the management does not pay them proper compensation at parity with the nature of work. At the present stage, the company is unable to retain its loyal employees due to disparities and inadequacies in the pay structure and they have to sustain heavy expenses on recurring recruitments, which can be avoided if they evolve a proper pay structure that also recognizes high performance. Holland Enterprises is a prestigious company over the last 35 years, employing over 3500 people. In order to retain its image and to receive continued work support of employees with required experience, the company needs to revie w and rethink its compensation policies to sustain their business and profitability in a competitive environment. The management also has to recognize that, on the one hand, they are losing competent workforce for want of reasonable remuneration, while on the other hand, they are spending a lot of money to carry out recruitment. Considering the present circumstances and all the pros and cons of the issue, I have drafted a proposal for raising the compensation and planned certain benefit strategies for the employees, which are aimed to attract efficient workforce towards the company and help in retaining them in the organization in future. The proposal explores the basic components of the compensation and benefit strategy on factors such as compensation and benefit philosophy, pay structure architecture (pay grades, pay ranges, and pay width), ratio of base pay to incentive (bonus) pay, emphasizes on external equity or internal equity, principle type of benefits to include deferred c ompensation match, health insurance, vacation and sick leave, etc. Holland Enterprises has immense potential to increase their output if the organization can use the information contained in the proposal to appropriately raise the compensation of their employees and implement the benefit strategies. Compensation and Benefit Philosophy Employees are the most valuable assets in every organization and, therefore, their satisfaction and well being are very important. Fair and effective compensation system is an integral component in achieving employee satisfaction to help the company retain them for a longer period. Therefore, the management needs to ensure that an effective system of pay, which is at par with market competitive base pay programs as well as variable pay programs are prevalent in the company. There is no denial of the fact that â€Å"compensation and benefits affect the productivity and happiness of employees,† which in turn will enable the organization to â€Å" effectively realize its objectives† (Compensation & Benefits, n.d, par. 5). The management should consider that they are paying what they deserve. The principle of a good compensation philosophy is to attract and motivate efficient employees and to help in the retention of experienced employees who already know well all the specific requirements of the company and their job responsibilities. To achieve these objectives, the

Management and leadership style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and leadership style - Essay Example Some of the key differentials that exist between management and leadership also translate to the means by which both of these forms of direction are accomplished. To begin with, one should consider the management style as something of an administrative expertise that focuses on maintenance, systems structures, a focus on the bottom line, imitation, and accomplishing tasks in the specified way. Conversely, good leadership styles tend to focus upon innovation, originality, development, a focus on the shareholders, inspiration and development of trust, and keeping an eye on the future. As a function of such a definition, the reader can and should understand the management style as more of a nuts and bolts approach that tends to be somewhat formulaic and rigid whereas leadership engenders the unique ability to mold and integrate with changes as a means of seeking the best path. It is further important to understand that such a level of approach does not specify one or the other must be e ngaged upon. As such, it is possible and desirable for an individual to accomplish both of these styles of oversight in order to be an effective vehicle for change within a given institution. Although not all individuals can fulfill the requirements of each of these categories, the individual that does is able to see from both perspectives and seek to direct the firm/group/ or entity in the most appropriate way (Paul & Berry, 2013). With regards to ethics, the leadership and management styles play an integral role in determining the priorities of the given individual. One could even argue that ethics violations only spring from management styles if and when the management style is engrained within the company’s culture. This is due to the fact that management styles are almost always formulaic and required attributes that the individual most ascribe to in order to meet the standards of the organization or group he/she is representing to the employees. Conversely, leadership s tyles fall prey much more easily to ethical violations due to the fact that these are almost always more innately tied to the ability of the individual to incorporate what they heave learned from past experience, as well as their own personality into the change mechanism they are attempting to integrate with. In order to create an ethical environment, it is incumbent upon the culture and oversight mechanisms of the firm to seek to instill a strong level of ethics into the management styles that they engender with the leadership (Dong et al., 2012). In such a way, ethical decision making and a culture of morality can be attempted to be grown from the very base levels of the way in which decisions are made within the organizations culture. As a means of integrating this with the leadership and the styles by which they ultimately manage, the organization will maximize the potential of this having a carry-over effect and impacting upon the means by which even personal attributes impact upon management and leadership within such a culture. Good management can be considered as the ability to meet deadlines, evoke utility, and ensure that one’s team meets or exceeds output standards. This process in and of itself is important; however, it has a distinctly impersonal side to it. Ultimately, the metrics of management are somewhat distinct from what the metrics of

Global HRM (BUS 303) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global HRM (BUS 303) - Essay Example This impacts the HR planning in the domain of cultural diversity and cross cultural dimensions because the workforce in today’s world is highly consist of culturally diverse employees (Brewster and Harris). The implications of HRM in the context of Hoftede’s model of cultural dimensions become vast in the domain of humanistic and cultural diversity. The HRM managers are required to have knowledge regarding to every culture which exist in the workforce of organization including individualism and collectivism, power distance, orientation and gender dominance (Brewster and Harris). In Trompenaars’ model, several differences are illuminated in order to create a balance in the workforce which is the responsibility of HRM (Youssef). These differences include universalism and particularism, individualism and collectivism, specific and diffused, and inner directed and outer directed which varies from culture to culture. HRM managers in the international context must acknowledge these differences on certain circumstances in concordance with the culturally diverse workforce (Brewster and Harris). The GLOBE model proposes several cultural aspects which must be understood by international HRM managers and HR planning. These aspects include diversity in humane orientation, assertiveness, avoidance of uncertainty and performance orientation (Brewster and Harris). International HRM is the contemporary issue which mainly deals with the cultural aspects because of the incorporation of cross cultural workforce. Cultural studies and models must be implied by each HRM manager in conformity with the culture of its workforce by which the deliverance of successful HRM can be

John Snow The Father Of Epidemiology History Essay

John Snow The Father Of Epidemiology History Essay John Snow (1813-1858), the father of epidemiology, has a legacy that still exists today. His use of epidemiological methods helped identify the risks of certain diseases and has also helped establish what preventative actions should be taken in response to an outbreak. He was a great man that is known for his work involving anesthesia and cholera. In Snows short lifetime, Oleckno claims (2008), He is credited with writing over 100 books, pamphlets, essays, articles, and letters to the editor on a variety of medical topics(p.1691) including his very famous book, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, which describes the cholera outbreak that took place in Soho in 1854 (Oleckno, 2008, p. 1691). Snows studies have shaped the worlds views on epidemiology as a science, and they have changed the way we confront public health problems that still exist today. Snows experiments provided a perfect example of this science since epidemiology is concerned with who gets sick, and why they get si ck. Research by Blank and Jameson (2007) proves that, Snows work still serves as an example of how prevention can be effective without an explicit understanding of the exact mechanism of underlying pathogenesis (p. 3). Although his ideas were highly debatable at the time when it came to the spread of cholera, Snow still pressed on and eventually got his point across. Through his hard work and persistent determination, John Snow is seen as a pioneer who brought the use of anesthesia out of the dark ages, and a savior who contributed to rescuing London from the terrors that cholera produced (Oleckno, 2008, p 1692). Snow was born on March 15, 1813 to a working class family in York, England. As a young boy, Snow proved that he was very bright. He particularly excelled in mathematics. His mother recognized his intelligence and eagerness to learn, so she placed him in a private school where he could shine. Snow had a desire to become a doctor, and when he was fourteen he attained an appre ntice job alongside Dr. William Hardcastle, a pharmacist, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Old News, 2005, p. 8). Hardcastle exposed Snow to cholera patients during an outbreak in Killingworth in 1832, effectively giving him a medical understanding. In 1836, Snow entered the Hunterian School of Medicine in London. While in school, he also gained more clinical experience at the Westminster Hospital. In 1843 he received his bachelor of medicine, and in 1844 he graduated as a MD from The University of London (Simmons, 2002, p. 163). At this time, and for his lifetime, John Snow was described as a modest bachelor who was very healthy. He followed a strict vegetarian diet since the age of seventeen (Mawson, 2009, p. 498), and he abstained from drinking alcohol. On occasion, he would even publicly support temperance. John Snow lived in Soho, London on Frith Street. After moving to Soho, Snow distinguished himself by making the first scientific studies on the effects of anesthetics. He focused most of his scientific experiments on the usage of ether and chloroform. According to Hempel (2007) Snow, Was looking for the perfect narcotic vapor; effective, easy to administer, and completely safe (p. 97). Ether and chloroform are colorless, unstable, liquids that come from ethyl alcohol. They were formerly used as inhalant anesthetics. Chloroform however, was known to cause heart problems. John Snow is very interesting to me in the fact that he experimented with anesthetics on himself. He did this for nine years, and ahis goal was to identify a drug that had the properties and advantages of chloroform, but was similar to ether in not causing cardiac arrest (Mawson, 2009, p.498). Snow studied the advantages and disadvantages of each of the narcotics, and eventually he developed an anesthetic inhaler with a mouthpiece. After putting the inhaler on his f ace, Snow would record the dosage he was about to give himself, and then release the gas he was testing. He would fall unconscious very quickly, and would remain knocked out for different periods of time depending on the drug and the amount he was using. When he would awake, Snow would record the amount of time he was unconscious for. These tests helped determine how much a patient could handle, especially when being operated on. Because Snow made the usage of these drugs more safe and effective, surgeons no longer risked killing their patients by using the wrong amount of a certain anesthetic. Also, in 1847, Snow published a textbook entitled, On the Inhalation of the Vapour Ether in Surgical Operations. This book classified Snow as an anesthesia expert in England. Snows newly gained fame as becoming a pioneer in anesthetics led to his invitation to assist in delivering Queen Victorias children, Prince Leopold and Princess Beatrice (Oleckno, 2008, p. 1691). The mask he had invented was used to administer chloroform to Queen Victoria. It aided her while she was giving birth to her last two children. After his work in anesthetics, Snow moved on to investigating cholera. According to Codeco Coelho (2006), His work on cholera was fundamental in many ways: he proposed methods and ideas that are still part of the basic toolkit of modern epidemiology, such as time-spacial analysis and notions of source exposure and incubation periods (p.16). Even before John Snow decided to take on cholera, it overwhelmed civilization for many years prior. Cholera was present in India in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Cholera occurred in three main waves, each one its own pandemic. The first pandemic took place from 1817 to 1823. The second pandemic carried cholera to Europe, and then across the Atlantic Ocean to North America in 1826 and 1837. When the third pandemic began in 1846, John Snow decided to step in. Microbiology has proved that cholera is caused by the bacteria, Vibrio cholerae. This can enter the body from contaminated food, but mainly from contaminated water. The bacterium e ffects a persons digestive system; mainly the small intestine. It causes severe diarrhea and vomiting, which leads to dehydration. According to Ball (2009), As the concentration of the water in the bloodstream decreases, the blood becomes thick and tarlike. The heart rate becomes irregular and dehydrated limbs begin to shrivel (p. 106). If a cholera patient is not rehydrated with a saline solution, death can occur very quickly. At the time, physicians knew little about the origins of cholera. The common belief was that cholera was caused by miasmas; bad odors that came into the atmosphere from foul smelling areas. Cholera was also thought to be a disease of the blood, not of the digestive system. John Snow, a member of the Cholera Inquiry Committee (Paneth, Vinten-Johansen, Brody, Rip, 1999, p.1545), had his own revolutionary ideas. He had done a lot of work with identifying the causes of contagious diseases in the past, and when it came to cholera, he felt that people were getting sick because there were tiny parasites in the water. According to Oleckno (2008), Cholera was transmitted primarily through contaminated drinking water via the fecal- oral route and not through miasmas (p. 1691). It had not been proved yet that miniature organisms could make people sick, and Snow was not widely supported. Vachon (2005) reinforces this idea, claiming, This was not an original idea, but it was an unpopular one dur ing the first half of the nineteenth century (p. 1-2). When cholera struck London in 1848, Snow decided to track the progress of the disease. He wanted to prove that his ideas about the cause of cholera were correct. In August of 1849 Snow published a pamphlet entitled, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. This pamphlet proved his theory on the cause of cholera through the many examples given. Publishing a highly debatable essay like this was done at his own risk, but Snow felt that he had demonstrated a relatively reasonable argument in his pamphlet. He felt that the conditions in which cholera developed were spread throughout many neighborhoods. If theses cholera epidemics were ever going to end, something would have to be done. Snows ideas expressed in, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera had little effect on what his colleagues had thought. Despite this setback, Snow pushed on, and stuck to his original ideas. He carried out more experiments from this time on proving that his ideas were correct. Snow is best known for two experiments that he conducted in London. While the third pandemic of cholera was still raging through London in 1854, Snow began a project that he called his Grand Experiment. Snow compared the cholera death rates in each household supplied by two rival water companies; the Southwark and Vauxhall Company and the Lambeth Company. According to Ball (2009), He demonstrated that six out of every seven cholera deaths occurred in houses that received water from the Southwark and Vauxhall Company, instead of the Lambeth Company (p. 107). The question was, why were people who received their water from the Southwark and Vauxhall Company sick with cholera when both companies received their water from the Thames River? When it was discovered that the Southwark and Vauxhall Company drew their water from a more polluted area of the river, Snows proposed connection between cholera and contaminated water began to make sense. People that drank water from this source were m ore likely to contract cholera than people drinking from other sources because of the dirty water that was being used. Oleckno claims that (2008), Through painstaking investigation, Snow provided credible evidence that cholera was transmitted by sewage contaminated water years before the germ theory of disease was firmly established (p. 1691). This experiment, in my opinion, was a big step for not only John Snow, but a major contribution to society. This new discovery would help convince the population that cholera was a waterborne bacterial disease, and would lead to better public sanitation. Snow also conducted a localized study in the Golden Square of the Soho district, where he lived. This experiment is probably the most widely known of the two. The events that took place on Broad Street, now Broadwick Street, started with a five month old baby named Francis Lewis (Ball, 2009, p.107). The child had developed cholera, and to this day no one knows how she contracted it. After Francis died, her mother washed her soiled sheets and clothes and emptied the dirty water into a cesspool in the front of their house. It didnt take long at all for the residence on Broad Street to contract the disease, and the number of deaths from cholera had risen to over five hundred after only ten days. Snow now had to determine where the outbreak started. According to The Lancet (2005), Snow also faced considerable difficulties: he personally visited the homes of 658 people who had died of cholera; he had to abandon his anesthesia practice for weeks at a time to do his cholera investigations; and The Lancet and Parliament both pilloried him (p. 957). Snow started first by knocking on all the doors in the Golden Square neighborhood. He visited every house, and while he was there he questioned the familys consumption of water. After Snow gathered all of this valuable information, he drew a map with a black spot representing every death where it occurred. This map emphasizes Snows genius because the technique he used, now called disease- mapping, is a vital tool used in epidemiology. He noticed that at the center of his map was the Broad Street Pump. Snow had an idea that the pump was the cause of the outbreak, but because the deaths were inconsistent, he had no evidence to support his prediction. Ball (2009) says, Broad Street water had a reputation for being colder and more carbonated than the water from surrounding pumps, so it had attracted a clientele from adjacent neighborhoods (p. 108). After Snow interviewed the people who had a family member die, he discovered that many people stopped to drink from this pump when they were on their way to school or work. Two observations after his investigation really stood out to Snow. One was that there had been no deaths among the workers at the Lion Brewery on Broad Street. When Snow learned that the workers received liquor as a part of their wages, and barely drank water from the pump, the reason why there had been no casualties made sense. The second baffling observation was the death of a woman named Susanna Eley. Eley was a widow who moved from Broad Street to Hampstead (Ball, 2009, p. 108). After Eley died, Snow interviewed her surviving sons and discovered that she loved the taste of Broad Street water so much, that she had it delivered to her new house in Hampstead from the pump on Broad Street. This information was exactly what Snow needed. He now had evidence that the pump was in fact the source of the outbreak because an outside person had deceased after drinking the pumps water. Now that he had an adequate amount of data and some solid evidence, Snow requested to talk to the Board of Guardians by St. James Parish to come up with a plan to deal with the cholera outbreak. After some persuasion, Snow convinced the local parish officials to remove the handle of the Broad Street pump, and on September 8, 1854 it was done. According to the MMWR (2004), Snows studies and the removal of the pump handle became a model for modern epidemiology. (p. 783). This gesture had little to do with ending the epidemic because the outbreak was nearly over. However, when he convinced the parish officials to remove the handle of the pump, this became a historic example of a public health intervention. After the pump was dug out, it was revealed that the well that served the pump ran near broad street sewage pipes and cesspools. Although it was never determined how the well became contaminated with the bacteria that spread cholera in the first place, it is assumed that the dirty wat er Sarah Lewis dumped outside her house upon the death of her infant caused the entire incident (Ball, 2009, p. 108). On June 16, 1858, John Snow, a legend, died at the age of forty five. On June 10, 1858, while finishing his book, On Chloroform and Other Anesthetics, Snow fell off his chair. He became paralyzed on his left side, and started vomiting blood (Hempel, 2007, p. 246). The cause of death appeared to be a stroke caused by chronic renal failure. He was buried at Brompton Cemetery in London, England. Today, there is still a replica of the Broad Street pump in Soho, London (Ball, 2009, p.105). This tribute reminds us of Snows legacy, and his perseverance in tackling cholera in the 1800s. Snow is still recognized today as a contributor to public health history because he proposed the waterborne theory of cholera and proved that it was right. He was known first for his continued efforts and work in anesthesiology, but his extensive experiments dealing with cholera led to a greater impact. Snows constant persistence and desire to never give up, led people to finally believe what he was saying wa s true. His experiments also helped us deal with later outbreaks. The mapping and the field studies he did, now have their own modern names, proving their lasting impact. Medical cartography and shoe leather epidemiology are what these techniques are known as today. Although Snows death was saddening, he did leave behind a great reputation for himself. According to Oleckno (2008), Today there is a professional society, a college, a government building, a public health consulting firm, and a tavern bearing his name (p. 1691). Snows medical significance is still so apparent that in 2003, a medical magazine called Hospital Doctor, voted Snow as the greatest doctor in history. Cholera has been eradicated in most of the developed countries in the world, and according to WHO (2005), In 2004 there were 36 reported cases of cholera in the Americas and 21 cases in Europe (p. 957). Figuring out the mystery of cholera would be just as great as if we found a solution to AIDS today. Snows logic is considered to be very influential in the field of public health, and his methods have affected the way we solve public health issues today.